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Precipitation Hardening Steel, also called age hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels and stainless steels. In superalloys, it is known to cause yield strength anomaly providing excellent high-temperature strength.
Precipitation Hardening Steel relies on changes in solid solubility with temperature to produce fine particles of an impurity phase, which impede the movement of dislocations, or defects in a crystal’s lattice. Since dislocations are often the dominant carriers of plasticity, this serves to harden the material. The impurities play the same role as the particle substances in particle-reinforced composite materials
Note that two different heat treatments involving precipitates can alter the strength of a material: solution heat treating and precipitation heat treating. Solid solution strengthening involves formation of a single-phase solid solution via quenching. Precipitation heat treating involves the addition of impurity particles to increase a material’s strength
The Precipitation Hardening Steel (PH) stainless steels are a family of corrosion resistant alloys some of which can be heat treated to provide tensile strengths of 850MPa to 1700MPa and yield strengths of 520MPA to over 1500MPa – some three or four times that of an austenitic stainless steel such as type 304 or type 316. They are used in the oil and gas, nuclear and aerospace industries where a combination of high strength, corrosion resistance and a generally low but acceptable degree of toughness is required. Precipitation Hardening Steel is achieved by the addition of copper, molybdenum, aluminium and titanium either singly or in combination.
The family of Precipitation Hardening Steel stainless steels can be divided into three main types – low carbon martensitic, semi-austenitic and austenitic – typical compositions of some of the steels are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Typical Compositions of some commoner Precipitation Hardening Steel stainless steels
|
Specification
|
Common Name
|
Type
|
Typical Chemical Analysis %
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
C
|
Mn
|
Cr
|
Ni
|
Mo
|
Cu
|
Al
|
Ti
|
Others
|
|||
|
A693 Tp630
|
17/4PH
|
martensitic
|
0.05
|
0.75
|
16.5
|
4.25
|
–
|
4.25
|
–
|
–
|
Nb 0.3
|
|
FV 520
|
austenitic-martensitic
|
0.05
|
0.6
|
14.5
|
4.75
|
1.4
|
1.7
|
–
|
–
|
Nb 0.3
|
|
|
A693 Tp631
|
17/7PH
|
austenitic-martensitic
|
0.06
|
0.7
|
17.25
|
7.25
|
–
|
–
|
1.25
|
–
|
–
|
|
PH 15/7 Mo
|
austenitic-martensitic
|
0.06
|
0.7
|
15.5
|
7.25
|
2.6
|
–
|
1.3
|
–
|
–
|
|
|
A 286
|
austenitic
|
0.04
|
1.45
|
15.25
|
26.0
|
1.25
|
–
|
0.15
|
2.15
|
V 0.25
B 0.007 |
|
|
JBK 75
|
austenitic
|
0.01
|
0.04
|
14.75
|
30.5
|
1.25
|
–
|
0.30
|
2.15
|
V 0.25
B 0.0017 |
|
|
17/10P
|
austenitic
|
0.07
|
0.75
|
17.2
|
10.8
|
P 0.28
|
|||||
Characterisation
Precipitation Hardening Steel steels are characterised into one of three groups based on their final microstructures after heat treatment. The three types are: martensitic (e.g. 17-4 PH), semi-austenitic (e.g. 17-7 PH) and austenitic (e.g. A-286).
Martensitic Alloys
Martensitic Precipitation Hardening Steel stainless steels have a predominantly austenitic structure at annealing temperatures of around 1040 to 1065°C. Upon cooling to room temperature, they undergo a transformation that changes the austenite to martensite.
Semi-austenitic Alloys
Unlike martensitic Precipitation Hardening Steel steels, annealed semi-austenitic Precipitation Hardening Steel steels are soft enough to be cold worked. Semi-austenitc steels retain their austenitic structure at room temperature but will form martensite at very low temperatures.
Austenitic Alloys
Austenitic Precipitation Hardening Steel steels retain their austenitic structure after annealing and hardening by ageing. At the annealing temperature of 1095 to 1120°C the Precipitation Hardening Steel phase is soluble. It remains in solution during rapid cooling. When reheated to 650 to 760°C, precipitation occurs. This increases the hardness and strength of the material. Hardness remains lower than that for martensitic or semi-austenitic Precipitation Hardening Steel steels. Austenitic alloys remain nonmagnetic.
Strength
Yield strengths for precipitation-hardening stainless steels are 515 to 1415 MPa. Tensile strengths range from 860 to 1520 MPa. Elongations are 1 to 25%. Cold working before ageing can be used to facilitate even higher strengths.
Typical applications for Precipitation Hardening Steel grades:
- retaining rings, spring holders, springs
- chains, valves and gears
- aircraft parts
- pressure vessels and seals
Precipitation Hardening Steel stainless steels have many advantages, due to their chromium and nickel content, such as :
- Ability to gain high strength through heat treatment
- Corrosion resistance
- High tensile strengths
- Can be supplied in a “solution treated” condition, which is readily machinable
- Can be age-hardening, so material undergoes no distortion
Grade Comparision
|
CES Name
|
UK
|
International
|
USA
|
Germany
|
France
|
Italy
|
Japan
|
Russia
|
|||
|
Type
|
AISI no.
|
New BS
|
Old BS
|
ISO
|
UNS
|
W.-Nr.
|
DIN
|
AFNOR
|
UNI
|
JIS
|
GOST
|
|
Precipitation Hardening Steel STEEL
|
PH 13-8Mo
|
S13800
|
1.4534
|
X3CrNiMo
|
|||||||
|
Al 13 8 2
|
|||||||||||
|
15-5 PH
|
Esshete
|
683/XVI
|
S15500
|
Ch 15N5D
|
|||||||
|
15Cr5Ni
|
Type 4
|
2T-Shch
|
|||||||||
|
17-4 PH
|
Esshete
|
683/XVI
|
S17400
|
1.4542
|
X5CrNiCuNb
|
Z6CNU
|
SCS 24
|
||||
|
17Cr4Ni
|
Type 1
|
17 4
|
17.04
|
||||||||
|
17-7PH
|
301S81
|
683/XVI
|
S17700
|
1.4564
|
X7CrNiAl
|
Z8CNA
|
SUS 631
|
||||
|
Type 2
|
17 7
|
17.07
|
Useful Information
15-5 PH
The 15-5 PH alloy was designed to have greater toughness than 17-4 PH. The 15-5 PH alloy is martensitic in structure in the annealed condition and is further strengthened by a relatively low temperature heat treatment which precipitates a copper containing phase in the alloy. 15-5 PH is also referred to as XM-12 in some specifications.
Chemistry
| Ni | Cr | Mn | Cu | Si | Cb+Ta | C | P | S | Fe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIN | 3.5 | 14.0 | – | 2.5 | – | 0.15 | – | – | – | – |
| MAX | 5.5 | 15.5 | 1.0 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.03 | Balance |
Specifications
AMS 5659, AMS 5862, AMS 5862J Type 2
ASME SA 564, ASME SA 693, ASME SA 705
ASTM A 564,ASTM A 693, ASTM A 698, ASTM A 705
ASTM-A564 (XM-12), BAC 5439 Rev H Class A Type1, BMS 7-240 (Boeing)
BSS7055 Rev A
STD 2154
UNS S15500
W. Nr./EN 1.4545
17-4 PH
Type 17-4PH stainless steel is the most widely used of all the precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Its valuable combination of properties gives designers opportunities to add reliability to their products while simplifying fabrication and often reducing costs. This valuable alloy is widely used in the aerospace, chemical, petrochemical, food processing, paper and general metalworking industries.
Type 17-4 (S17400) Stainless Steel Chemical Composition
|
Element
|
Percent by Weight
Type 17-4PH |
|---|---|
|
Carbon
|
0.07 maximum
|
|
Manganese
|
1.00 maximum
|
|
Phosphorus
|
0.04 maximum
|
|
Sulfur
|
0.03 maximum
|
|
Silicon
|
1.00 maximum
|
|
Chromium
|
15.00 – 17.50
|
|
Nickel
|
3.00 – 5.00
|
|
Copper
|
3.00 – 5.00
|
|
Columbium plus Tantalum
|
0.15 – 0.45
|
17-4 Stainless Steel Physical Properties
- Melting Range: 2560-2625°F (1404-1440°C)
- Density: 0.2820 lb/in³
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Annealed Condition)
|
Temperature Range
|
Coefficients
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
|
°C
|
°F
|
μm/m·°C
|
in/in/°F·106
|
|
21-93
|
70-200
|
10.8
|
6.0
|
|
21-204
|
70-400
|
10.8
|
6.0
|
|
21-316
|
70-600
|
11.2
|
6.2
|
|
21-427
|
70-800
|
11.2
|
6.3
|
Thermal Conductivity (H 900 Condition)
|
Termperature Range
|
W/m·K
|
Btu/(hr/ft²/in/°F)
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
°C
|
°F
|
||
|
149
|
300
|
17.90
|
124
|
|
260
|
500
|
19.50
|
135
|
|
460
|
860
|
22.50
|
156
|
|
482
|
900
|
22.60
|
157
|
Specific Heat (Annealed Condition)
|
Temperature Range
|
J/gg·K
|
Btu/lb/°F
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
°C
|
°F
|
||
|
0-100
|
32-212
|
460
|
0.11
|
Electrical Resistivity (Annealed Condition)
- Microhm-cm: 98
Type 17-4PH (S17400) Mechanical Properties
Type 17-4PH stainless steel has excellent mechanical properties. For applications requiring high strength and hardness as well as corrosion resistance, Type 17-4PH stainless is an outstanding choice, and it is more cost effective than many high nickel non-ferrous alloys.
- Ultimate Tensile Strength Ksi (MPa): 160 (1103)
- 0.2% Tensile Yield Strength Ksi (MPa): 145 (1000)
- Elongation % in 2″ (50mm): 5.0
- Hardness Rockwell C: 35
17/7-PH STAINLESS STEEL
17-7 PH stainless steel is a precipitation hardened stainless steel that provides high strength and hardness, excellent fatigue properties, good corrosion resistance, good formability, and minimum distortion upon heat treatment.The alloy provides valuable property combinations parcularly well suited for aerospace applications. This special alloy also provides benefits for other applications requiring high strength and good corrosion resistance.
Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of stainless steel grade 17-7 PH is outlined in the following table.
|
Element
|
Content (%)
|
|---|---|
|
Chromium, Cr
|
16-18
|
|
Nickel, Ni
|
6.50 – 7.75
|
|
Manganese, Mn
|
1 max
|
|
Silicon, Si
|
1 max
|
|
Aluminum, Al
|
0.75 – 1.50
|
|
Carbon, C
|
0.09 max
|
|
Phosphorous, P
|
0.040 max
|
|
Sulfur, S
|
0.030 max
|
|
Iron, Fe
|
Balance
|
Physical Properties
The physical properties of stainless steel grade 17-7 PH are tabulated below.
|
Properties
|
Metric
|
Imperial
|
|---|---|---|
|
Density
|
7.80 g/cm3
|
0.282 lb/in3
|
Mechanical Properties
The following table shows mechanical properties of stainless steel grade 17-7 PH (TH1050, bar and forgings).
|
Properties
|
Metric
|
Imperial
|
|---|---|---|
|
Tensile strength
|
1170 MPa
|
170000 psi
|
|
Yield strength
|
965 MPa
|
140000 psi
|
|
Modulus of elasticity
|
204 GPa
|
29600 ksi
|
|
Poisson’s ratio
|
0.27-0.30
|
0.27-0.30
|
|
Elongation at break
|
6%
|
6%
|
|
Hardness, Rockwell C
|
38
|
38
|
Thermal Properties
The thermal properties of stainless steel grade 17-7 PH are given in the following table.
|
Properties
|
Metric
|
Imperial
|
|---|---|---|
|
Thermal conductivity
|
16.4 W/mK
|
114 BTU in/hr.ft2.°F
|
|
Thermal expansion co-efficient (@0.000-100°C/32-212°F)
|
11 µm/m°C
|
6.11 µm/m°C
|
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